Understanding and modernizing legacy systems

What is a legacy system?

A legacy system refers to any outdated computing system — hardware or software — that remains in use due to its critical role in daily operations. Examples include old database software like Oracle 8i and obsolete hardware like 1970s mainframe computers.

This also includes systems that rely on outdated components or architectures like those built on old programming standards or those that do not support modern deployment options such as cloud infrastructure. These systems can disrupt the adoption of new technologies and pose significant security risks.

Why companies continue with legacy systems

Organizations often hesitate to replace legacy systems due to perceived challenges and fear of disrupting daily operations. Such concerns typically revolve around:

• The high costs associated with system replacement which include direct expenses like new hardware, software licenses, cloud hosting fees and indirect costs like employee training or potential slowdowns in productivity.


• Logistical and technical challenges of migrating decades of data and integrating new hardware or software can prevent the adoption of new technologies — especially if the upgrade process can impact operations. For in-house teams, such complexities and the need to ensure compatibility with existing processes can also be overwhelming.


• Cultural resistance from employees accustomed to the old systems, who may fear the learning curve and potential disruptions to their workflow. Overcoming it requires comprehensive change management strategies and effective communication about the benefits of modernization.

Issues caused by legacy systems

Legacy systems often create numerous operational challenges beyond security, maintenance and efficiency issues. Critical issues can include:

Integration difficulties

Legacy systems typically struggle to integrate with newer technologies, restricting an organization’s ability to adopt modern tools that enhance efficiency and customer engagement. This lack of integration can negatively impact automation efforts and disrupt seamless data flow across applications.

For instance, a retail business using an old point-of-sale (POS) system may struggle to integrate with modern e-commerce platforms, limiting its ability to offer a unified shopping experience. This disconnect can prevent the business from implementing features such as real-time inventory updates, omnichannel sales and personalized marketing.

Limited data access

Older systems often lack the capabilities required for advanced data analytics, preventing organizations from leveraging big data to generate actionable insights crucial for informed decision-making and maintaining competitive advantage.

As an example, a healthcare provider using an outdated patient management system may find it challenging to perform comprehensive data analysis to improve patient care. Due to the lack of integration with modern health informatics tools, legacy systems limit the provider’s ability to analyze patient data trends, track treatment outcomes and identify areas for improvement.

Scalability issues

Legacy infrastructures are generally not designed to handle the increased load and complexity of contemporary digital operations, making it challenging for organizations to scale their IT systems in response to growth or changing market demands.

Manufacturing companies may face difficulties in scaling their operations due to outdated ERP systems. These legacy ERP systems often lack the flexibility to integrate with new technologies such as IoT devices and advanced analytic tools, leading to inefficiencies in inventory management, production planning and supply chain coordination.

Talent drain

As the technology behind legacy systems ages, the availability of professionals skilled in their maintenance often declines, causing recruitment shortfalls and increased costs for hiring and training specialists.

This is evident in industries like banking, where COBOL programmers are becoming increasingly rare. While it still underpins critical banking operations, the decreasing number of programmers proficient in this 60-year-old programming language makes maintenance expensive and challenging.

Reduced agility

Legacy systems frequently involve cumbersome procedures for updates or changes, significantly slowing an organization’s ability to respond to new opportunities or market changes.

Government agencies, for example, may find it challenging to implement new policy changes swiftly due to outdated IT systems that require extensive manual processes and custom coding to update, delaying the implementation of new regulations and programs.

Resource intensiveness

Legacy systems often operate on outdated hardware that demands more energy and is prone to failures, leading to higher operational costs and increased downtime. This is a common issue in industries such as manufacturing, where legacy systems cause frequent breakdowns and expensive repairs, ultimately hampering productivity and profitability.

Vendor dependence

Relying on a single vendor for support can pose significant risks, especially if the vendor discontinues support or goes out of business, potentially leaving the organization without the necessary support. This dependency can be particularly risky for critical systems in sectors like healthcare and banking, where uninterrupted support is crucial for maintaining operations and security.

Compliance and security risks

Beyond general security vulnerabilities, using outdated software or systems might lead to noncompliance with evolving regulations that demand stringent data protection and privacy standards. For instance, an outdated ECM system may not comply with current data protection regulations, exposing the organization to legal and financial risks.

Additionally, the evolving nature of security threats not only requires vigilance, but integration with the latest security tools and methodologies to address unknown vulnerabilities and novel attack methods — capabilities that legacy systems typically lack.

Examples of legacy systems in various industries

Legacy systems are prevalent across various industries, playing crucial roles in daily operations despite their outdated technology. Let’s look at some examples:

• Banking: Many banks still use COBOL for transactions. Although reliable, this 60-year-old programming language isn't compatible with modern real-time systems, and maintenance is difficult and costly due to a shortage of skilled programmers. The enormous effort required by organizations to prepare for Y2K issues illustrate the risks of relying on outdated systems that are unable to adapt to future conditions.


• Healthcare: Outdated patient management systems often fail to integrate with newer digital health technologies. This incompatibility makes it difficult to adopt advanced health informatics, negatively impacting patient care and data accessibility.


• Government: Government agencies like the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and Social Security Administration (SSA) still use outdated platforms for tax processing and benefit disbursement. And even when agencies have modernized their core systems, they often still use auxiliary systems or components that are outdated. These systems are often costly, insecure, inefficient and may not meet the latest modern cybersecurity standards like those outlined by executive order 14028 in 2023.


• Retail: Some retail businesses still operate older POS systems that cannot easily integrate with modern e-commerce and customer relationship management (CRM) platforms. A factor that limits their ability to offer seamless customer experiences across physical and online channels.


• Manufacturing: Examples of legacy systems in manufacturing include outdated ERP systems that don’t support modern supply chain management best practices. This can lead to inefficiencies or errors causing losses and affecting productivity.

Legacy system modernization and migration

Modernizing legacy systems is essential for businesses seeking to enhance operational efficiency and security. Several strategies exist for addressing outdated systems:

• Upgrading: Update and refine existing software and hardware to meet current technological standards. While it can improve performance, this may not resolve all underlying issues.


• Integrating: Use middleware to facilitate data-sharing and functional integration between old and new systems. This allows organizations to leverage existing investments as they transition to modern systems but can add complexity and may require significant customization.


• Rehosting (lift and shift): Transfer applications to a new environment without redesign. However, this may not address other inherent inefficiencies and is often a temporary fix.


• Replatforming: Modify legacy applications to improve performance in a new environment. While a workable strategy, it can add complexity and does not fully access the advanced capabilities of modern technologies.


• Replacing: Completely overhaul systems with modern, secure and efficient solutions. This approach provides the most substantial long-term benefits, including enhanced security, improved functionality and reduced maintenance costs.

Among all the options, replacing a legacy system with a truly modern one is the only solution that addresses all underlying issues and positions the company for future scalability and integration with emerging technologies.

> Learn more | Legacy system modernization for the digital era

How a legacy ECM could hurt your business

Outdated enterprise content management (ECM) systems often struggle to integrate with newer technologies, severely disrupting your organization’s ability to respond to market changes and customer needs. Here are some examples of how this may hurt your business:

• The lack of advanced content management capabilities creates information silos that limit data access and information sharing.


• The inability to access analytics tools prevents organizations from leveraging strategic insights to scale and adapt quickly to new demands, stifling growth and innovation.


• Without integration with modern collaboration tools inefficiencies and delays can occur in workflows or processes like document management and approvals. This impacts productivity and can increase operational costs.


• Failing to incorporate the latest security tools and protocols can impact compliance with cybersecurity standards or data protection regulations like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Such a situation can expose the company to security, legal and financial risks.

> Learn more | Switching to Hyland

Modernizing to boost efficiency, security and growth

Continued reliance on legacy systems impedes business growth and innovation. Modernizing is crucial for enhancing operational efficiency, security and scalability.

By understanding the challenges posed by legacy systems and evaluating the various strategies for modernization, companies can make informed decisions that align with their operational needs and strategic goals.